somayeh khademi; zeynab shariatnia
Abstract
Divine religions and psychological schools have devoted special attention to "dreams" and what is seen in dreams, offering their own perspectives and interpretations on the causes and analysis of dreams. Given that Ibn Arabi is one of the famous Muslim mystics, we intend to employ a descriptive-analytical ...
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Divine religions and psychological schools have devoted special attention to "dreams" and what is seen in dreams, offering their own perspectives and interpretations on the causes and analysis of dreams. Given that Ibn Arabi is one of the famous Muslim mystics, we intend to employ a descriptive-analytical method to explain his supra-naturalistic approach to the phenomenon of "dreams" and the "language of dreams" and compare it with the naturalistic perspective of Erich Fromm, a social psychologist from the Frankfurt School. The findings indicate that Ibn Arabi considers "dreams" one of the manifestations of the human unconscious in connection with the "transcendent reality," which has its roots in the imperceptible and non-material realm. It is a realm where meanings and truths take on physical forms and convey themes that Ibn Arabi has formulated under the overarching concept of "symbolic language." In contrast, Erich Fromm emphasizes the importance of the connection and relationship between dreams and the individual's unconscious mind with nature. He sees dreams as a phenomenon related to the psyche fully valid, indicative, and meaningful, in which unconscious experiences are observed as symbols and signs of hidden needs and desires. He discusses them within the concept of "symbolic language."
Abdullah HosseiniEskandian; gorbanali karimzadeh garamaleki; Abbas Abbaszadeh
Abstract
The problem of evil has formed the basis of many questions of atheists since ancient times due to the challenges that atheists create about the Existence of God and His Absolute Attributes. Saint Augustine, who had an irreplaceable role in the history of Christian thought, tried in his theodicy to defend ...
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The problem of evil has formed the basis of many questions of atheists since ancient times due to the challenges that atheists create about the Existence of God and His Absolute Attributes. Saint Augustine, who had an irreplaceable role in the history of Christian thought, tried in his theodicy to defend the belief in God and Christian teachings in approaching the issue of evil and suffering. Christian teachings such as original sin, fall of man, Divine Grace, etc., form the basis of Augustine's theodicy. In this article, the principles of Augustine's theodicy, the analysis of his theodicy and its criticism based on the approach of Shia theology are discussed with descriptive-analytical method. The lack of effect of original sin in acquiring good affairs and doing evil, incorrect explanation of the relation of evil with the material world, incorrect explanation of the cause of the realization of natural evil, etc., are the cases that, based on the theological principles of Shia, challenge Augustine's theodicy and reveal its deficiencies.
