Document Type : Original Article
Author
Assistant Professor, Research Institute of Iranian Wisdom and Philosophy, Qom Branch
Abstract
One of the fundamental social changes in the modern world is the decline of religiosity and believing in God. Numerous factors contribute to this retreat of the sea of faith. An important factor in this event is the family; which has usually attracted little attention. Statistical and sociological evidences prove the idea that the atheism is tied to this important factor. This article examines this question in a descriptive-analytical manner that if the family is so important and its decline leads to the decline of believing in God, why is that? By examining different probabilities and speculations through statistical and sociological data, it has reached this result that nonmarriage, life without children, freedom from family bondage, theoretical or practical atheism of parents, absence of father at home and contradiction of religious treatment of parents have a great role in turning away all members of the family, especially children from God and religion.
Keywords
- ایبرشتات، مری، چگونه غرب خدا را واقعاً از دست داد؟، محمد معماریان، تهران، ترجمان علوم انسانی، 1398.
- زاکرمن، فیل، درآمدی بر جامعه‌شناسی دین، خشایار دیهیمی، تهران، لوح فکر، 1384.
- فیلد، جان، سرمایه اجتماعی، جلال متقی، تهران، مؤسسه عالی پژوهش تأمین اجتماعی، 1384.
- فینی، جان، «نظریه‌ای در باب تعهد دینی» افسانه توسلی، نامه پژوهش، 1380، شماره 20 و 21، ص 285-253.
- کامرانی، کاوش، «دانشجو در پهنه تعارضات خانواده و دانشگاه»، پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد، تهران، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، 1389.
- کورتنی موری، جان، «انسان بی خدا در کتاب مقدس»، هدایت علوی تبار، اشراق، سال سوم، شماره 6 و 7، بهار و تابستان 1389، ص 247 –
- نجفی، محمود و حسن احدی و علی دلاور، «بررسی رابطه کارایی خانواده و دین‌داری با بحران هویت»، دانشور، 1385، شماره 16، ص 26-17.
- نوابخش، مهرداد و حمید پوریوسفی و مژگان میترا خورلی، «بررسی میزان پای‌بندی مذهبی دانشجویان دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد گرمسار»، پژوهش‌نامه علوم اجتماعی، 1388، شماره 3، ص 91-61.
- هرویولوژه، دنیل، «انتقال و شکل‌گیری هویت‌های اجتماعی-دینی در مدرنیته»، سید محمود نجاتی، نامه پژوهش، 1380، شماره 20 و 21، ص 309-287.
- همیلتون، ملکم، جامعه‌شناسی دین، محسن ثلاثی، تهران، ثالث، 1387.
11. Bao, Wan-Ning & Les B. Whitbeck, Danny R. Hoyt and Rand D. Conger, "Perceived Parental Acceptance as a Moderator of Religious Transmission among Adolescent Boys and Girls", Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 61, No. 2 (May, 1999), PP. 362-374.
- Bar – Ei. & R, Garcia – Munoz.T, Neuman. S, Tobol, y. (2012) the evolution of secularization: cultural transmission, religion and fertility – theory, simulations and evidence.J.Popul.Econ.,119-145.
- Barber, J. Axinn, W. Thornton. A (2002). The Influence of Attitudes on Family Formation processes. In R. Lesthaeghe, Meaning and choice: Value Orientations and life course decisions (PP. 45-95).
- Bisin A. & Verdier T. (2001) The economics of cultural transmission and the dynamics of preferences, J Econ Theory 92 (2) 298 – 319.
- Brown, Callum, The Death of Christian Britain: Understanding Secularization, 1800-2000, London and New York, Routledge, 2001.
- Caroline, Berghammer, (2009) Religious socialization and Fertility: Transition to third Birth in the Netherlands Eur. J. Population 25: 297 – 324.
- Chambers, Whittaker, Witness, reissue edition (Washington DC: Regnery Publishing, 1987).
- Dawkins, Richard, God Delusion, Bantam Books, 2006.
- Day, R. D, et al, 2009, Family processes and adolescent religiosity and religious practice: View from the NLSY97, Marriage & Family Review, V. 45 (2), P. 289-309.
- Decter, Midge, The New Chastity and Other Arguments Against Women's Libration (New York: Perigee Books, 1974).
- Furstenberg, F. F. (2005) Banking on Families Generate and Distribute social capital Journal of marriage and Family, 67: 809 – 821; Widmer. E. D. (2004) couples and their networks. In M. Richards. J. Scott and J. Treas (Eds), Black well companion to the sociology of families (PP. 356 – 373) Oxford Blackwell Publisher.
- Garrioch, David, The Making of Revolutionary Paris, University of California Press, 2002.
- Gilder, George, Sexual Suicide (New York: Quadrangle Books, 1973).
24. Grusec, J. E. & Goodnow, J. H. (1994) "Impact of Parental Discipline Methods on the Child's Internalization of values: A Reconceptualization of Current Points of View". Developmental Psychology, 30 (1), 4-19.
- Horkheimer، Max (1974) "Thismus _ Atheismus،" in Zur Kritic der instrumentalen Vemunft. Aus den Vortragen and Aufzeichnungen seit Kriegsende، ed، Schmidt، Frankfurt.
- Hunsberger, B, & Brown, L. B, 1984, Religious Socialization , Apostasy, and the Impact of Family background, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, v. 23, No. 3, PP. 239-251.
- Kaufmann, Eric, "Faith's Comeback, Newsweek, 148, no. 20, November 13, 2006, PP. 34-35.
- Kinnaman, David, with Aly Hawkins, You Lost Me: Why Young Christians Are Leaving Church ... and Rethinking Faith (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2011).
- McLeod, Huge, Religious Crises of the 1960s, London, Sage Publications, 2007.
- Murray, Charles, Coming Apart: The State of White America, 1960-2010, New York, Crown Publishing, 2012.
- Myers, S. M, 1996, An Interactive Model of Religiosity Inheritance: The Importance of Family context, American Sociological Review, v. 61, No. 5, PP. 858-866.
- Nock, Steven L., Marriage in Men's Lives (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
- Norris, Pippa & Inglehart, Ronald, Sacred and Secular, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
- Sherkat, D, 2003, Religious Socialization: Sources of Influence and Influences of Agency. In the handbook of the Sociology of Religion. Edited by Michele Dillon, Cambridge University Press 2003.
- O., (2007) Dynamic models of religions conformity and conversion: Theory and Calibrations. Eur Econ Rev 51 (5): PP. 1127 – 1153.
- Stolzenberg, Ross M., & M. Blair_Loy, & Linda J. Waite, "Religious Participation in Early Adulthood: Age and Family Life Cycle Effects on Church Members", American Sociological Review 60 (1995): P. 94.
- Taylor, Charles, A Secular Age (London، The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007).
- Tiger, Lionel, The Decline of Males (Darby, PA: Diane Publishing Company, 1999).
- Voas, David & Alasdair Crockeet, "Religion in Britain: Neither Believing nor Belonging", Sociology, February 1, 2005, Volume: 39, pages: PP. 11-28.
- Wilcox, W. Bradford, "As the Family Goes", First Things 173 (May 2007), Available online at http://www.firstthings.com/article/2007/04/as_the_family_goes_14.
- Wuthnow, Robert, After heaven: Spirituality in America since the 1950s (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
- Sartre, Jean-Paul (1964), The Words, tr. Bernard Frechtman, New York: George Braziller.
- Wainwright, William J. (1995).Reason and the Heart: A Prolegomenon to a Critique of Passional Reason, Ithaca and London, Cornell University Press.
)