Saba Fereidouni; Seyed Hassan Hosseini; Alireza Mansouri
Volume 7, Issue 1 , January 2018, , Pages 1-22
Abstract
In the current study, firstly, we will argue that the main challenge of evil to western theism is not the occurrence of undesirable states of affairs, but the existence of pointless evil in the world. Secondly, considering the distinction between temporal perspective and eternal perspective, we will ...
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In the current study, firstly, we will argue that the main challenge of evil to western theism is not the occurrence of undesirable states of affairs, but the existence of pointless evil in the world. Secondly, considering the distinction between temporal perspective and eternal perspective, we will distinguish between apparently pointless evil and actually pointless evil. The claim is that recognizing the latter is not possible from a temporal perspective. Thirdly, we will study some well-known versions of the argument from evil and demonstrated that occurrence of pointless evil, which is the sufficient reason for nonexistence of God, is presupposed in these arguments.The main claim of this study is that the problem of evil can be reduced to the disagreement about existence or nonexistence of pointless evil in the world. But this disagreement is undecidable from a temporal perspective.
soghra khairjoy
Volume 7, Issue 2 , February 2018, , Pages 1-33
Abstract
debate. Specifically, what is the meaning of revelation in the new age has created many challenges in the field of Islamic thought. The present article deals with a descriptive-analytical and critical-comparative approach to the issue of revelation from the perspective of Allamah Tabatabai (traditional ...
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debate. Specifically, what is the meaning of revelation in the new age has created many challenges in the field of Islamic thought. The present article deals with a descriptive-analytical and critical-comparative approach to the issue of revelation from the perspective of Allamah Tabatabai (traditional Quran) and Nasr Hamed Abu Zayd (Modern Quran) to find similarities and uncertainties between the views of these two thinkers and discrepancies From the perspective of Allamah Tabatabai. Because the opinions of these two thinkers are in conflict, their comparison would be to find the searchers in the discovery of the truth. Allameh understands the truth of the revelation from the revelation itself. He considers the Qur'an a divine revelation, a miracle, with infallibility and a constant meaning. In his view, the truth of the Qur'an is eternal and it is in Umm al-Tabak. While Abu Zayd calls the Koran a human being. He calls the Qur'an a Prophet's word of history and culture, which has no fixed meaning. In his view, some beliefs have come from the culture of the age of decline in the Qur'an which are now obsolete in the present age.
mastaneh kakaiy; hasan abasi hasan Abadi
Volume 6, Issue 1 , January 2017, , Pages 1-17
Abstract
Avicenna explains theology on the basis of Ontology, and so presents an ontological argument to prove the existence of God. Avicenna’s important philosophical principle is the distinction between existence and essence. Based on the distinction, beings are divided into two kinds: necessary and possible. ...
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Avicenna explains theology on the basis of Ontology, and so presents an ontological argument to prove the existence of God. Avicenna’s important philosophical principle is the distinction between existence and essence. Based on the distinction, beings are divided into two kinds: necessary and possible. The distinction between existence and essence is meaningless for necessary beings, this distinctions is just dedicated to possible beings. The question is that what image Avicenna has of God? What concept of God he enjoys? Avicenna's concept of God is expressed in two expressions: ‘God is pure existence’ and ‘the essence of God is his existence’. The important question is that what differences there are between these two claims? Is there any contradiction to which Avicenna may be committed in arguing for God’s pure existence on one hand and talking about the unification of his existence and his essence on the other hand? In this article, examining the two expressions we are going to solve the problem and dong so we take advantage of the analysis of Necessary Being’s features.
mehdi abutalebiyazdi; rasoul rasoulipour; Amirabbas Alizamani; Ghorban Elmi,; Mohsen Javadi
Volume 6, Issue 2 , February 2018, , Pages 1-24
Abstract
Open theism as a new approach in the realm of theology and philosophy of religion, has put forward theories and views that have attracted the attention of many contemporary thinkers- both philosophically and theologically. The main claim of the supporters of this approach is that many of the common doctrines ...
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Open theism as a new approach in the realm of theology and philosophy of religion, has put forward theories and views that have attracted the attention of many contemporary thinkers- both philosophically and theologically. The main claim of the supporters of this approach is that many of the common doctrines about the nature and attributes of God (in particular, the attributes such as divine foreknowledge, immutability, impassibility and timelessness) derived from the Greek philosophies, in particular neoplatonic tradition and they are affected by it , and for this reason, these attributes separated from their original path, which is the same path of the Bible. Therefore, in order to remove the false philosophical notions from the true attributes of God in the Bible, we must revisit them again. Since the founders and defenders of this school claim that their views are rooted in the tradition of theism and classical theism, with a historical look at this theological movement and examining the path of its development, we evaluate the validity of their claims. Some contemporary theologians and philosophers of religion consider the open theism as a traditional theism, Some others consider it as a deviation in the traditional theism and some also consider it as heretical school that does not have a place in the orthodoxy tradition. However, although not much time has passed since the beginning of this movement, it has been able to attract opinions -opponent or compliant; A large number of writings confirming or denying this school, have witnessed this claim. Therefore, we should also enter into new areas of theology and philosophy of religion by using our very rich sources in the theological - philosophical tradition of Islam and by fully understanding of this approach.
Mehdi Akhavan
Volume 5, Issue 1 , August 2016, , Pages 1-25
Abstract
The relation between language and fact in philosophy, generally, and in philosophy of language, particularly, raises issues in semantics and reference theory. Every philosophical approach to the phenomenon of diversity and the plurality of religions should consider these linguistic issues. The reference ...
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The relation between language and fact in philosophy, generally, and in philosophy of language, particularly, raises issues in semantics and reference theory. Every philosophical approach to the phenomenon of diversity and the plurality of religions should consider these linguistic issues. The reference and semantic theories that are chosen to deal with religious diversity problem shouldn’t undermine the integrity and consistency of the theory. The incompatibility among religious propositions and different language of religions to talk about the transcendental is one of most important philosophical problems of which different approaches try to offer a reasonable explanation, in such a way that they could defend the existence of the transcendental, its unity, and the possibility of different, event incompatible, words on this reality, simultaneously. Analyzing the linguistic presuppositions of the transcendent in the religious diversity problem, we attempt to study Hick’s two mythical narratives and Byrne’s metaphorical narrative of contemporary pluralism, comparatively.
Hamidreza Ayatollahy; Fatemeh Ahmadi
Volume 5, Issue 2 , January 2017, , Pages 1-21
Abstract
According to Dawkins’ view, ‘genetic ethics based on evolution theory’, there is a ‘moral Zeitgeist’ or ‘moral spirit of the age’ that evolves in communities. Rejecting religion-based morality and moral absolutism, he believes that the nature of morality ...
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According to Dawkins’ view, ‘genetic ethics based on evolution theory’, there is a ‘moral Zeitgeist’ or ‘moral spirit of the age’ that evolves in communities. Rejecting religion-based morality and moral absolutism, he believes that the nature of morality is changing rapidly based on the zeitgeist, and each period requires its own code of ethics. Religion and ethics, he claims, are the results of biological process of evolution and natural selection. Morality is not rooted in religion, but has a Darwinian origin. Altruistic genes have been selected during the process of evolution and we are naturally qualified with altruism, and sympathy, compassion and other moralities can be explained by evolution. Not only whole life but also morality is the result of genes activity. Forcing organisms to do moral behavior, Genes ensure their survival. This article is intended to expose the difficulties with Dawkins’ claims. As we will see his views are afflicted with several significant problems, including unwarranted presupposition of naturalism, high reductionism, disastrous moral relativism, the inadequacy of evolutionary analysis of ethical Zeitgeist development, the conflict between Dawkins’ analysis and human moral intuition, the implausibility of reward and punishment and also training, inappropriate interpretation of absolutism, methodic mistakes- the fallacy of origin, his mistaken notion of religion-based morality and scientific ideologism.
Mehdi Akhavan; Seyyed Amin Moosavizadeh
Volume 4, Issue 1 , January 2015, , Pages 1-14
Abstract
William Clifford in the essay ‘The Ethics of Belief’, claimed that to believe on the basis of insufficient evidences is wrong, anywhere, anytime and for everyone. In the article ‘will to believe’, William James, replying this claim, argued that religious belief is a genuine decision ...
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William Clifford in the essay ‘The Ethics of Belief’, claimed that to believe on the basis of insufficient evidences is wrong, anywhere, anytime and for everyone. In the article ‘will to believe’, William James, replying this claim, argued that religious belief is a genuine decision and in such decisions, Faith justification is will to believe. The principal claim of James in the essay is to define genuine choice and to assign monotheistic faith to it. Believing in God if be a genuine decision must meet three characteristics: a) the inevitability; b) being alive; and d) being risky. In this paper, after reviewing a summary of the most important ideas of James and criticisms of him, we will check the validity of the assignment of the three characteristics to Faith.
Hasan Ahmadizadeh
Volume 4, Issue 2 , June 2014, , Pages 1-20
Abstract
Today Christian theology, more than ever, is dealt with the problem of the existence and knowledge of God and especially the relation between God's knowledge and His Will, on the one hand, and human Will, on the other hand. In the contemporary era, with the advent of new philosophical beliefs in the ...
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Today Christian theology, more than ever, is dealt with the problem of the existence and knowledge of God and especially the relation between God's knowledge and His Will, on the one hand, and human Will, on the other hand. In the contemporary era, with the advent of new philosophical beliefs in the West, Christian theology has experienced different philosophical approaches of which theistic or classical theology, neo-classical theism and Open theism can be considered as three most prominent among them. Each of the three philosophical-theological schools, have tried to present an image of God and respond to the many traditional or new questions concerning God and his relationship with the universe, especially with the human and his will. In this article, we will attempt to provide a general picture of the three approaches and analyze their flaws and criticisms, especially the criticisms raised by Christian philosophers.
ala toorani; Monir Soltan Ahmadi
Volume 3, Issue 1 , February 2015, , Pages 1-19
Abstract
One of the main human’s concerns including Paul Tillich, the contemporary scholar, is teleology. This paper studies the Paul Tillich’s views on the issue and especially pays attention to his existential look which distinguishes him from others. This paper comes to the conclusion that the ...
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One of the main human’s concerns including Paul Tillich, the contemporary scholar, is teleology. This paper studies the Paul Tillich’s views on the issue and especially pays attention to his existential look which distinguishes him from others. This paper comes to the conclusion that the question of resurrection has a transcendent meaning in Tillich philosophy, and that is the transcendental characteristic of creation in the light of immortal life rather than the common meaning of an ultimate event. According to Tillich, immortality isn’t defined as something going to take place sometime in future, but it exists at the present moment and within the boundary of being. Criticizing the approaches of incarnation, transition and the middle approach in proving the Return, Tillich shows the creatures’ immortality with explaining the time immortality relation, the divine life, and connecting the immortal life of creatures with divine life.
Hedayat Alavitabaar
Volume 3, Issue 2 , April 2015, , Pages 1-23
Abstract
‘God’ and the correlating ideas are of great importance in Nietzsche’s philosophy. However, his way of considering these concepts is completely different from other thinkers. He, unlike others, does not employ traditional philosophical argumentations to approve his claim; instead appealing ...
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‘God’ and the correlating ideas are of great importance in Nietzsche’s philosophy. However, his way of considering these concepts is completely different from other thinkers. He, unlike others, does not employ traditional philosophical argumentations to approve his claim; instead appealing to abstract argumentations irrelevant to the reality, he uses the methods which is resulted from his concrete look to the era he lives in. His conflicting exposition in this context, ‘the death of God’, leads to many different and sometimes contradictory interpretations. ‘The death of God’ is the subject and also the basis of his ideas, so that his other ideas such as ‘Nihilism’ and ‘Superhuman’ are shaped quite in relation to it. In this paper, we attempt to explain Nietzsche’s position on the idea of “God” and outline his concerns after the phenomenon “the death of God”, as he calls.
Mahdi Husseinzadeh Yazdi; Ali Akbar Ahmadi Afranjami
Volume 2, Issue 1 , January 2013, , Pages 1-17
Abstract
In the Tractatus, Wittgenstein declares that “There is indeed the inexpressible. This shows itself.” Theearly Wittgenstein believes that will and willing subject are inexpressible. In the 1914–1916 Notebooks, Wittgenstein uses four titles for subject: knowing subject, thinking subject, ...
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In the Tractatus, Wittgenstein declares that “There is indeed the inexpressible. This shows itself.” Theearly Wittgenstein believes that will and willing subject are inexpressible. In the 1914–1916 Notebooks, Wittgenstein uses four titles for subject: knowing subject, thinking subject, metaphysical subject, and willing subject. Willing subject is transcendental and the bearer of good and evil. Good and evil only enter through the subject. Without willing subject, there is not ethics. Wittgenstein explicitly states that ethics does not treat of the world. Ethics must be a condition of the world, like logic. Will, willing subject, and alien willare vaguely declared in Wittgenstein’s earlier teachings. This article tries to explain these concepts.
Hamidreza Ayatollahy; Maryam Shadi
Volume 2, Issue 2 , January 2014, , Pages 1-19
Abstract
The question about the relation of God and the nature is one of the most intricate but less prevailed philosophic thoughts of Ludwig Wittgenstein, a proper understanding of which is helpful in acquiring a thorough knowledge of his theories. In early thoughts of Wittgenstein, God does not preserve a natural ...
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The question about the relation of God and the nature is one of the most intricate but less prevailed philosophic thoughts of Ludwig Wittgenstein, a proper understanding of which is helpful in acquiring a thorough knowledge of his theories. In early thoughts of Wittgenstein, God does not preserve a natural revelation. In a delicate analysis, he unravels language, metaphysics, ethics and the like from the nature and rejects any statement that attempts to necessitate any connection between them. Nevertheless, sketching the borders he had presumed to exist between nature and language and the linguistic assortments he had spanned to the relation of God and nature is not of much scientific value and can only serve as a way of theoretical conceptualization. He has developed a variety based on his personal linguistic preferences. Regardless of being realistic or unrealistic, he has an abstract approach that is based on spiritual concepts.
mahdi akhavan
Volume 2, Issue 3 , January 2014, , Pages 1-13
Abstract
John Hick is renowned celebrated for his endeavors to explain religious plurality and diversity. Up front, He strives to set forth an explanatory hypothesis that can portray the best explanation of this pluralism in the real world, adopting miscellaneous philo-epistemological elements. Hick, although ...
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John Hick is renowned celebrated for his endeavors to explain religious plurality and diversity. Up front, He strives to set forth an explanatory hypothesis that can portray the best explanation of this pluralism in the real world, adopting miscellaneous philo-epistemological elements. Hick, although ontologically accepts the ultimate reality independent of mind and language (in a critical realism framework), does not maintain that realism has only ontological aspect but it also has epistemo-semantic dimensions. So there is a far long way for him to traverse.
Reza Akbari
Volume 1, Issue 1 , October 2012, , Pages 1-15
Abstract
Use theory of meaning is an important theory in the realm of philosophy of language. According to this theory meaning of an expression is nothing but its use in the language. Meaning is a social fact that appears in a language game. So there is no room for private language. In any forms of life there ...
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Use theory of meaning is an important theory in the realm of philosophy of language. According to this theory meaning of an expression is nothing but its use in the language. Meaning is a social fact that appears in a language game. So there is no room for private language. In any forms of life there are unwritten rules that the contributors of that form of life follow them and give the words meaning. Thus one expression may find different meanings in different contexts in a way that these meanings don’t have any essential common core but shaping a meaning spectrum. Use theory of meaning has a huge influence on two subjects which are the argumentation about the religious beliefs and religious pluralism. Using this theory one should accept that God has different meaning for a theist and an atheist. A theist regards this word as a word denoting a unique real being but an atheist regards this word as a universal word which may have real extension or not. So an atheist find himself justified in believing the need of argument for the existence of God. The advocates of religious pluralism like John Hick and Mark Heim by applying use theory of meaning find themselves justified in accepting religious pluralism as a true theory.
Javad Ayar; Majid Mollayousefi
Volume 1, Issue 2 , October 2013, , Pages 1-25
Abstract
In history of Christianity, from the latter half of second century, a version of Christianity pervaded that is known today as Pauline interpretation of Christianity. Paul, whose original name was Sh'aul, was born in the town of Tarsus, Cilicia (in modern Turkey), of Jewish parents belonging to the tribe ...
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In history of Christianity, from the latter half of second century, a version of Christianity pervaded that is known today as Pauline interpretation of Christianity. Paul, whose original name was Sh'aul, was born in the town of Tarsus, Cilicia (in modern Turkey), of Jewish parents belonging to the tribe of Benjamin. He persecuted the first Christians until an unproven revelation converted him to Christianity. According to Paul's views, a Christian is one who believes in the incarnation of God in the human form ,His sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sins ,Resurrection and His return to heavens, and who confesses that human beings due to their original sin that is established and institutionalized in them by Adam, not by good deeds but only through God's saving grace will be saved, and at last a Christian is one who believes that church is the Christ's representative on earth and that the salvation is only obtained through its Obedience. Pauline interpretation, with its epistemic and non-epistemic backgrounds such as religious prejudices, Hellenism and Greek language and conflicts with Jewish–Christian people, is essentially based on divinity of Jesus and the church. This version of Christianity has several important consequences for Christianity that result from theopomorphism or divinity of Jesus that descents Divine Status and makes God as a factor out of system of being.
Somayyeh faridooni; Hamidreza Ayatollahy
Volume 2, Issue 4 , January 2026, , Pages 1-18
Abstract
There is an essential premise in most modern modal ontological arguments for God's existence, called possibility premise, which stipulates that ‘it is possible that a perfect being (or God) exists’. In this paper first three famous versions of modern ontological arguments are presented; those ...
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There is an essential premise in most modern modal ontological arguments for God's existence, called possibility premise, which stipulates that ‘it is possible that a perfect being (or God) exists’. In this paper first three famous versions of modern ontological arguments are presented; those are arguments proposed by Norman Malcolm, Charles Hartshorne and Alvin Plantinga, which all are based on St. Anselm's argument in chapter three of Proslogion. After that some of the important criticisms of the possibility premise are discussed, we will show that this premise, which seems self-evident, might have some serious problems
Farajollah Barati; Mohsen Javadi
Volume 4, Issue 1 , January 2015, , Pages 15-37
Abstract
In Islamic tradition, one of the important and basic discussions on miracle is its denotation on the prophethood. It is so important that some of Islamic thinkers believe that if this relationship is not clarified, then its epistemological values are ruined. Islamic thinkers introduce different methods ...
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In Islamic tradition, one of the important and basic discussions on miracle is its denotation on the prophethood. It is so important that some of Islamic thinkers believe that if this relationship is not clarified, then its epistemological values are ruined. Islamic thinkers introduce different methods to know prophets. One of these methods is through miracle. Although some of Islamic thinkers have different attitudes toward miracle, they often consider miracle as a reason to approve prophethood not to approve prophet’s teachings. They believe that there is no relationship between a supernatural act and the rightfulness of teachings. The common point of view among Islamic thinkers is the denotation of miracle on the truth of prophecy. Western thinkers’ attitudes toward this matter do not have enough clarity and coherence. In Western theosophy, miracle denotes the existence of God. They emphasize the denotation of miracle on the truth of special religious teachings. It also indicates the superiority of one religion over other religions. Although most Western thinkers consider the denotation of miracle on the existence of God and the truth of prophet’s teachings, we can also say that they justify the prophethood by means of miracle. As Allameh Tabatabai, unlike many other Islamic thinkers, holds that miracle is the only way to know prophets. Among Western thinkers, Swinburne considers the referent of miracle to be the approval of prophethood of the miracle performer. This study is aimed to compare the ideas of these two thinkers.
Ghasem Porhasan; Maryam Shadi
Volume 2, Issue 3 , January 2014, , Pages 15-36
Abstract
One of the central concerns or problems in epistemology is the methods by which man attains his belief(s), and one of the most important answers to this problem is presented by W.K Clifford. By propounding ‘strong evidentialism’ Clifford plays main role to construct a new foundation to belief ...
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One of the central concerns or problems in epistemology is the methods by which man attains his belief(s), and one of the most important answers to this problem is presented by W.K Clifford. By propounding ‘strong evidentialism’ Clifford plays main role to construct a new foundation to belief acceptance. The view emphasizes on the connection between ethics and epistemology. The connection is so strong, that in his theory the epistemological fault is identical with the ethical fault.
Ghasem Pourhassan
Volume 1, Issue 1 , October 2012, , Pages 17-50
Abstract
The meaningfulness of religion’s language is taking part in a form of life. Without it, words, language and religious beliefs have no meaning at all. Perceiving a religious belief and judge about it only in light of a form of life becomes possible. Form of life as Kai Nielsen in his famous article ...
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The meaningfulness of religion’s language is taking part in a form of life. Without it, words, language and religious beliefs have no meaning at all. Perceiving a religious belief and judge about it only in light of a form of life becomes possible. Form of life as Kai Nielsen in his famous article “Wittgensteinian Fideism” (1967) explains, if viewed as a whole, could not be objected, because each form has its own criteria for reasonability/ irreasonability and understandability/ understandable aversion.
Fatemeh Rafati; Mohammad saeedimehr; Babak Abbasi
Volume 9, Issue 2 , January 2020, , Pages 19-32
Abstract
Plato didn’t furnish a detailed and clear theory about evil. What one can find in some of his dialogues is just certain hints to issues like the source of evil. The obscurity of Plato’s works led to a vast controversy over his real views on the source of evil to the extent that some scholars ...
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Plato didn’t furnish a detailed and clear theory about evil. What one can find in some of his dialogues is just certain hints to issues like the source of evil. The obscurity of Plato’s works led to a vast controversy over his real views on the source of evil to the extent that some scholars maintain that he didn’t develop any theory in this respect. Those who think that Plato has a theory don’t agree over what Plato takes as the source of evil. In this paper, with regard to the current distinction between metaphysical, natural, and moral evils, we argue that Plato believes in a distinct source for each one of these three kinds. Metaphysical evil which only occurs in the natural world has a negative nature and stems from the fact that the natural beings as the reflections of the world of ideas lack the full perfection of the ideas. Moral evils are caused by the activity of the soul and, finally, natural evils are the effects of necessity or matter. Accordingly, we conclude that in the light of the foregoing analysis the apparently inconsistent expressions of Plato would turn out to be consistent.
Sara Qezelbash; Seyyed Mostafa SHahraeeni
Volume 8, Issue 2 , March 2020, , Pages 19-39
Abstract
According to Wittgenstein II, the study of meaning and understanding of beliefs relates to a system of "expression of meaning" or Semantic Calculations, that each linguistic system as a "language game" derived from "a form of life,has created a method and rule foe expression and meaning and it's understanding. ...
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According to Wittgenstein II, the study of meaning and understanding of beliefs relates to a system of "expression of meaning" or Semantic Calculations, that each linguistic system as a "language game" derived from "a form of life,has created a method and rule foe expression and meaning and it's understanding. This approach introduces the 'rule' model to understand and justify different beliefs, so that we explain and calculate the meaning of a belief based on the rules and techniques of the words used in that language game. But he considers the understanding of religious beliefs to be impossible under this paradigm, and does not regard religious beliefs as an "attitude", for having a vague image, of rule understanding. However, since he considers images to be intentional rather than adaptive, in this article we want to show that in terms of the "relational" aspect of understanding as well as the intentionality of religious imagery, theReference aspect of religious meaning, are content The phenomena of the world as existential or information, and hence, with regard to the relation aspect of the understanding and meaning,we can regard the Rule as a model for examining the meaning and understanding of religious beliefs.
Sayyeda Saida Mirsadri; Mansour Nasiri
Volume 6, Issue 1 , January 2017, , Pages 19-44
Abstract
In discussions on religious language, meaningfulness of the religious statements is one of the challenges the philosophers of religion are faced with. Among the responses given, Paul Tillich’s religious symbolism is of special importance. Based on this theory all the religious statements except ...
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In discussions on religious language, meaningfulness of the religious statements is one of the challenges the philosophers of religion are faced with. Among the responses given, Paul Tillich’s religious symbolism is of special importance. Based on this theory all the religious statements except for ‘God exists’ are symbols. Distinguishing between ‘sign’ and ‘symbol’ and regarding the religious statements as non-literal and hence symbolic, he deems religious language as ‘meaningful’ and thus responds to the challenges raised by positivists against all religions in speaking of God. Religious symbolism tries to show how the religious language could be of cognitive nature. But the problem is that by accepting his pan-symbolic view about religious statements and religious language, it becomes impossible to actually and literally talk about God. Thus any way to comprehend and to communicate with God would be blocked out, and this turns his symbolic interpretation to be more of a philosophical nature and preoccupation than a theological tenor and application – to the extent of rendering Christianity devoid of its genuine content. Comprehending this complicated theory is only possible when one would understand it within the framework of his whole theologico-philosophical system of thought.
Maryam Khoshdel Rowhan; Roqayyeh Bigdeli
Volume 2, Issue 1 , January 2013, , Pages 19-46
Abstract
The doctrine of original sin is one of the underlying beliefs in Christianity. According to this doctrine, the nature of human being is sinful due to the sin committed by Adam, and, therefore, Jesus should be sacrificed for the redemption of the whole world. Augustine discusses this issue in detail. ...
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The doctrine of original sin is one of the underlying beliefs in Christianity. According to this doctrine, the nature of human being is sinful due to the sin committed by Adam, and, therefore, Jesus should be sacrificed for the redemption of the whole world. Augustine discusses this issue in detail. According to him, Adam was created to have a heavenly life and had a Godly identity, but due to his disobedience, he was deprived of this endowment, descended to the earthly life, and was met with death. Adam’s sin embraced all human beings after him, and Jesus with his death paid off ransom for all humanity’s sins. Islam does not give credence to this doctrine. According to Allameh Tabataba’i, Adam was created from the scratch to have an earthly life, and his residence in paradise served as a prelude to it. Adam did not act against the commands of God because his opposition was a guided denial, and his deed is accounted for as a failure to do the better. With Adam’s repentance and God’s acceptance, the status of Adam did not change, but his location and quality of life did. This research is an endeavor to deal with the background to the original sin of Adam, the particular views of Augustine in Christianity and Allameh Tabataba’i in the world of Islam, and their underlying opinions in this regard.
Naeimeh poormohammadi
Volume 2, Issue 4 , January 2026, , Pages 19-37
Abstract
If we leave rational paradigm of thought and go in to emotional one, the problem of evil is not logical or philosophical anymore, but it is existential. The simple form of this problem is that the relationship with God above all relations needs trust, safe, and satisfaction. But the problem is that the ...
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If we leave rational paradigm of thought and go in to emotional one, the problem of evil is not logical or philosophical anymore, but it is existential. The simple form of this problem is that the relationship with God above all relations needs trust, safe, and satisfaction. But the problem is that the people who are suffering are not psychologically able to continue loveing and worshiping God. They are not satisfied with God and feel God's silence and absence. Logical answers (defences) and philosophical answers (Theodicies) are totally irrelevant and donot work at all. Man in this situation doesnot nead reason or argument but meaning. The meaning of suffering can gives his relation with God meaning again. In this paper we review on some meaning of suffering which Christian theologian find to solve the existential problem of evil.
mehdi behniafar
Volume 4, Issue 2 , June 2014, , Pages 21-41
Abstract
This paper is a critical study on Armanshahr; based on Mortaza Motahari’s Views, a recently published book. Armanshahr in Persian means utopia. Dedicating to Motahari’s Islamic views on Utopia (Armanshahr), this book extracts and analyzes the outlines of Motahari’s views on Islamic ...
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This paper is a critical study on Armanshahr; based on Mortaza Motahari’s Views, a recently published book. Armanshahr in Persian means utopia. Dedicating to Motahari’s Islamic views on Utopia (Armanshahr), this book extracts and analyzes the outlines of Motahari’s views on Islamic Utopia. Before the critical study, we first have a descriptive review on this book. And, in critical phase, we have two steps. The first step studies and criticizes some statements of Armanshahr. In the second step we will evaluate the statements of Armanshahr that although the writer is right in expressing them, they have significant alternatives and rivals in Motahari’s views which the writer have not considered them. After these two critical phases that concern the writer’s reading of Armanshahr, we have another critical discussion about the very Motahari’s views. In this final discussion, we have a critical study on Motahari’s understanding of Utopia in Islamic texts and heritage.
