mohammad heidarifard; mohamad kazem forghani
Volume 2, Issue 4 , January 2026, , Pages 39-59
Abstract
The problem of eternity of the soul in the hell, and sustainability in the divine punishment is among the most important theological and doctrinal issues which has drawn the attention of Muslim thinkers from the beginning. Mulla Sadra indicated the problems concerning the issue, and tried to answer them. ...
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The problem of eternity of the soul in the hell, and sustainability in the divine punishment is among the most important theological and doctrinal issues which has drawn the attention of Muslim thinkers from the beginning. Mulla Sadra indicated the problems concerning the issue, and tried to answer them. He wants to prove the sustainability of unbelievers in the hell, so he rejects any kind of account which holds punishment un-sustainability. But as the article points out, his proof is insufficient and could not yield the sustainability.
Maryam Aqamohammadreza; Mohammad Javad Rezaeirah; Hamidreza Ayatollahy
Volume 11, Issue 2 , December 2023, , Pages 29-55
Abstract
One of the main topics of the philosophy of religion is the effectiveness of God and the manner of divine action in the world. Self-limiting thinking, which considers traditional philosophy and modern philosophy to be ineffective in responding to issues related to divine agency and God's relationship ...
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One of the main topics of the philosophy of religion is the effectiveness of God and the manner of divine action in the world. Self-limiting thinking, which considers traditional philosophy and modern philosophy to be ineffective in responding to issues related to divine agency and God's relationship with the world, tries to present new theologies according to its philosophical foundations so that they can solve philosophical and theological issues in the field of divine agency. to solve and answer the theological problems in this field by providing new definitions of former concepts. The question of this article is whether there is such an internal consistency in the thought system of process theology that can maintain the supremacy of God and the necessity and simplicity while establishing a mutual and two-way relationship between God and the world and solving philosophical and theological problems in the field of divine agency. Don't damage his essence? Since process theologians have spoken the most and most basic words in the field of self-determination thinking, we will first examine the theological perspective of process theologians and believers in God's believers self-limitation in the field of divine agency. In order to answer the philosophical and theological issues in this matter, in the analysis of divine agency in the world system, they consider change better than stability and consider their philosophy to be based on transformation and mutual and organic movement of all beings. Beings having two main and secondary dimensions, while having mutual relations with each other, they maintain their individuality and have creativity. Therefore, God, as one of the beings of this world who is across other beings, is variable in his subordinate nature, and the relationship of influence and influence between God and the beings of the world leads to the dissolution of God in the world. Now, in order to maintain the effectiveness and creativity and self-creation of other beings along with divine agency, previous knowledge and divine absolute power have been negated, and God is not the creator of beings, but only has creativity. By examining and analyzing this thought, we find out that in addition to the existence of internal inconsistency in the view of this school, Mulla Sadra, based on his philosophical principles, considers the theory of process theologians in the field of divine agency to be contrary to the inherent obligation and simplicity of God's essence, and considers the agent to be a manifestation, while preserving the excellence of the divine essence, proves his effectiveness in all dimensions of beings, and provides the field to respond to theological problems in the field of divine effectiveness.Considering that this article deals with the divine agency from Sadra's point of view with the perspective of dynamic theology, an attempt is made to first describe the perspective of process theology and its intellectual foundations by using the descriptive-analytical method, and then by examining the internal inconsistencies of this thinking, this theory should be explained and criticized in the system of Sadra's philosophy, and finally, Sadra's point of view should be examined in the discussion of divine agency. Based on the investigations, despite the many researches and articles that have been conducted on the subject of divine agency from Mulla Sadra's point of view, an independent work that has reread Sadra's manifest agency with regard to the theory of self-limitation in process theology and the problems raised in it from an internal point of view it was not found. The author's efforts to search for background on the subject of comparing process theology with Mulla Sadra's point of view led to the following findings:1- The book "Comparative research in the ontology and epistemology of Mulla Sadra and Whitehead" written by Mr. Mahdi Dehbashi in this book, the basics of ontology and epistemology are examined from the point of view of Whitehead as one of the most prominent thinkers of process philosophy and Mulla Sadra, the similarities and differences of this point of view are pointed out, and some of process theological theories are criticized. However, this book is different from the purpose of this research, which is to examine divine agency from the perspective of process theologians and criticize it based on internal consistency and Sadra's principles and the manner of agency in manifestation.2- Thesis entitled "The Problem of Divine agency in Mulla Sadra, Descartes and David Griffin" written by Mrs. Zainab Akhtari. In this research, Griffin's point of view as one of the leading figures of process theology and Mulla Sadra in the field of divine agency is examined. Although in this research, the discussion of divine agency is discussed from the point of view of these three thinkers and their differences and similarities, but in this research, after examining the foundations of process philosophy thinking and Mulla Sadra in the discussion of divine agency, we try to identify the weaknesses of process theology based on to criticize the basics of Sadra's thinking.3- Dissertation "Charles Hartshorne's process theological theory with the perspective of transcendental wisdom" written by Mr. Adham Meshmir in this thesis, although the viewpoint of one of the thinkers of process theology is examined, the issue of divine agency is not specifically investigated. In addition, it has not investigated Sadra's point of view in the discussion of divine agency and its confrontation with the problems ahead from his point of view; Rather, most of the views of the thinkers of transcendental wisdom, including Allameh Tabatabai and Shahid Motahari, have been examined.4- Dissertation "Examining the perspective of process theology according to Hartshorne's account of God's relationship with the world from the perspective of transcendental wisdom" written by Ms. Zainab Akhtari in this research, Hartshorne's view of process theologians and his intellectual foundations on the issue of God's relationship with the world have been examined, and then some of their views have been criticized based on the view of transcendental wisdom. Although in this research, an attempt has been made to criticize the divine intellectual principles of process scholars based on the principles of transcendental wisdom, but in my research, the issue of divine agency and its intellectual foundations has been presented and criticized in a more comprehensive manner from the perspective of process thinkers, and Sadra's answer in the discussion of effectiveness, it is explained in detail based on the effectiveness of manifestation. Finally, according to the searches, no research with the title, method and purpose of this research was found.
somayeh Amiri; Abbas Ahmadi Saadi; Mohamad Ali Akhgar
Volume 10, Issue 2 , March 2022, , Pages 89-108
Abstract
Since time immemorial in Islamic and Christian civilization, thinkers and theologians have raised many discussions about the concept of faith and disbelief and the issues surrounding them with different interpretive, philosophical, theological and mystical approaches. These topics have brought many social ...
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Since time immemorial in Islamic and Christian civilization, thinkers and theologians have raised many discussions about the concept of faith and disbelief and the issues surrounding them with different interpretive, philosophical, theological and mystical approaches. These topics have brought many social reflections such as excommunication and sanctification. After explaining the difference between science and knowledge, Eynolghozat Hamedani considered the way of true knowledge to be beyond reason and by criticizing the philosophers in the discussion of the essential concept of faith, he stated that its meaning is to confirm the words of the prophets and the lowest order is to act in accordance with the commands and directions of God. he does. Faith has two aspects: knowledge and action, and its sign is "bowing to Allah" and "loving God's people". After stating the types of disbelief, he considers some types of disbelief to be acceptable but also necessary for faith. On the other hand, with a philosophical epistemological perspective, in the meaning of faith and unbelief, Mulla Sadra gives originality to science and knowledge and gives the main role to knowledge and science in all levels of faith such as verbal, imitative, proof and even discovery faith. He considers disbelief to be the worst form of ignorance. In this article, the views of Eynolghozat Hamedani (492-525 AH) and Mulla Sadra (1050-979 AH) about faith and disbelief and some of their important issues have been comparatively investigated with a descriptive and analytical method.
Ebrahim Ranjbar; Mehdi Monfared
Volume 10, Issue 2 , March 2022, , Pages 189-207
Abstract
In theology, it has been a long-lasting problem to determine whether the world is created ex nihilo or in its own it had a certain existence. For this issue, the first chapter of Genesis has imposed a great deal of effort on Jewish theologians. In Islamic intellectual tradition,ie. Islamic philosophy ...
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In theology, it has been a long-lasting problem to determine whether the world is created ex nihilo or in its own it had a certain existence. For this issue, the first chapter of Genesis has imposed a great deal of effort on Jewish theologians. In Islamic intellectual tradition,ie. Islamic philosophy and theology, on the other hand, clarification of the problem of Creation was an unescapable subject-matter. In this article we shall first try to investigate the multiple dimensions of Creation in the first chapter of Genesis and to see in what ways it leads to misunderstandings and then we approach to see what is the interpretation Mulla Sadra developed on the Hidden Treasure (al-kand al-makhfi) in this way We shall show his mystic background and how he gets to such a ground-breaking exegesis. Mulla Sadra’s interpretation will open a new window to see the problem anew and to gather our findings for developing a wholly new interpretation of Creation. By doing these two investigations, we shall demonstrate that creatio ex nihilo is rejected by these two sides and thereafter it will be suggested a new justified meaning for Creation and its beginning and the problem issued before will be resolved.
raheleh botlani esfahani; Jafr shanazari; Majid sadeghi hasan abadi
Volume 6, Issue 2 , February 2018, , Pages 71-96
Abstract
Human fall is one of the key issues of anthropological concern in religious studies and philosophical investigations; it not only accounts for the nature of human soul rather it refers to the latter’s origin and its emergence. Although fall has been discussed in some prophetic traditions and sayings; ...
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Human fall is one of the key issues of anthropological concern in religious studies and philosophical investigations; it not only accounts for the nature of human soul rather it refers to the latter’s origin and its emergence. Although fall has been discussed in some prophetic traditions and sayings; for Mulla Sadra it is of philosophical interest and has been discussed along with the issues of soul’s origination. Thus this essay seeks to study the issue of human soul’s fall in the context of Mull Sadra’s philosophical discussions of soul as a whole and in view of a set of certain prophetic traditions. It aims at providing a picture of fall from a religious and philosophical point of view. Taking a problem-oriented approach, this research struggles to explain the bodily emergence and spiritual eternity of human soul and demonstrate that origination and fall are not of a contradictive or differentiated nature in Sadra’s view rather they are totally coherent; it also studies the philosophical, mystical and exegetical attitudes of Sadra on the existential status of human soul and its knowledge. Finally it seeks to offer a rational interpretation of ontological aspects of the fall of human soul drawing upon Sadra’s ideas concerning human realization.
hazhir mehri; alireza monsefi; ali asghar mosleh
Volume 7, Issue 1 , January 2018, , Pages 45-65
Abstract
Sadr-al-Mutallihin would consider it as the soul perfection and it’s existentially separation from the body. According to him, being is of some levels, and death is on their borders by which human being could ascend a high level of being, that is, the Heaven. Therefore, death is not the end of ...
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Sadr-al-Mutallihin would consider it as the soul perfection and it’s existentially separation from the body. According to him, being is of some levels, and death is on their borders by which human being could ascend a high level of being, that is, the Heaven. Therefore, death is not the end of life, as Mulla sadra said, but is got to be a rebirth as well as a kind of transcendence in the material world. One of the most important existential philosophers, Martin Heidegger, on the other hand, would hermenutico-phenomenologically deal with the death. Rather than an end to the life, according to him, death is considered to be an existential phenomenon with which man could face the realities of life. Hence, death could be a way of life which has been accommodated in as the last possibility of the Dasein from the beginning. Because of this, as he argued, every human being can be understood as a being-toward-death which indeed is in the face of the end. Instead of avoiding it, however, being aware of this reality requires the original being. According to this, confronting the death, man would think about the “Being”, and would deeply feel its mysterious presence. As a comparative study, reflecting on death, according to both Mulla sadra and Heidegger, not only could man actualize his potential capabilities but also understand the fundamental values of life as well as the original being. In this paper, Sadr al-Din Shirazi's views and Martin Heidegger In case of death, according to Henry Corbin will be explained.
Abdollah Salavati; einollah khademi; Leila Poor Akbar
Volume 7, Issue 1 , January 2018, , Pages 67-90
Abstract
The central issue of this paper is to examine and analyze the plurality of meaning of life from the viewpoint of Mulla Sadra. In this paper, the authors explain the plurality of meaning in life by defining the meaning of life and examining different theories about this issue. Then, using the foundations ...
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The central issue of this paper is to examine and analyze the plurality of meaning of life from the viewpoint of Mulla Sadra. In this paper, the authors explain the plurality of meaning in life by defining the meaning of life and examining different theories about this issue. Then, using the foundations of Mulla Sadra, they analyzed and explained this issue in three areas of epistemology, ontology and anthropology. In this essay, in the field of epistemology, based on Mulla Sadra's lasting and positive attitudes towards life, the plurality of meaning in life was analyzed. In the aspect of ontology, using the system of individual unity of existence and the possibility of poverty in the form of manifestation and different appearance of the name and plurality of appearances, the plurality of meaning of life was analyzed. In the field of anthropology, this question was analyzed by seeking to explain the plurality of a human being in two systems of arrogant unity and personal unity.
Forough Rahimpour; Mohammad Javad zaryeh; Zahra Abyar
Volume 6, Issue 1 , January 2017, , Pages 45-64
Abstract
The meaningfulness of life and a desire to immortality has occupied the probe mind for a long time. Belief in the life after death and immortality have a significant role in the human interpretation of meaninglessness of life. Mulla Sadra, based on his philosophical system and foundations such as soul ...
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The meaningfulness of life and a desire to immortality has occupied the probe mind for a long time. Belief in the life after death and immortality have a significant role in the human interpretation of meaninglessness of life. Mulla Sadra, based on his philosophical system and foundations such as soul abstraction, substantive movement, physical occurrence of soul and its spiritual survival, and by offering a different and seminal explanation of the phenomenon of death, raised the idea that the its exact understanding verifies the linkage between belief in the immortality of soul and the meaningfulness of life. Mulla Sadra has chosen a philosophical approach to prove the immortality of human soul and, its impact on the issue of meaningfulness is quite significant. considering immortality and meaning in life in his opinion, faith, rationality and morality are colsely associated. In this paper, applying a descriptive analysis, the important components of a meaningful and eternal life are examined and the role of belief in the immortality of soul, in the meaningfulness of life is elaborated according to the principles of Sadraee wisdom.
Akram Asgarzadeh; Jalaal Peykani
Volume 5, Issue 2 , January 2017, , Pages 45-66
Abstract
According to the some critics of reliabilism, this theory suffers from the problem of the value of knowledge. Zagzebski suggests that to solve this problem, we should internalize the relation between context and belief forming process. Exploring Mulla Sadra’s epistemic theory, this paper aimed ...
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According to the some critics of reliabilism, this theory suffers from the problem of the value of knowledge. Zagzebski suggests that to solve this problem, we should internalize the relation between context and belief forming process. Exploring Mulla Sadra’s epistemic theory, this paper aimed to show whether his theory could solve the problem or not. Although in Islamic philosophers ‘s views, knowledge isn’t equal to justified true belief, but some aspects of Mulla Sadra’s theory concerning the union of the knower and the known could be served as a means to solve the problem. Those aspects consist in: considering the relation between believer and belief as an existential union, which in turn, leads us to consider their relation as an internal one. To explain that the relation is internal, Mulla Sadra considers the epistemic processes as causal processes and mater and form. He believes, also, that the validity of the knower affects true beliefs acquiring
Abouzar nourozi; reza berenjkar
Volume 3, Issue 2 , April 2015, , Pages 89-109
Abstract
The problem of evil is one of the most important and well-known theological and philosophical issues which most of religions have dealt with it and philosophers of religions have addressed this issue through a new look. This article through propositional analysis, reviews the Mulla Sadra and Leibniz's ...
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The problem of evil is one of the most important and well-known theological and philosophical issues which most of religions have dealt with it and philosophers of religions have addressed this issue through a new look. This article through propositional analysis, reviews the Mulla Sadra and Leibniz's views on the problem. Due to circumstances of time, Mulla Sadra expressed his views on the issue with a traditional approach, but Leibniz is discussed it with traditional and also new approaches. The Foundations of Sadra and Leibniz and their original solutions to the problem are the same. Among the solutions that these two philosophers have addressed, the old and controversial solution, that evil is absence and really doesn’t exist, is shared. In general, their solutions do not have a basic coherency, because in one solution they deny the existence of evil, while the precondition of their other solutions is the existence of evil.
