Hamidreza Ayatollahy
Volume 11, Issue 1 , June 2022, , Pages 1-33
Abstract
The answer to the question of the meaning of life has been the concern of many philosophers and thinkers. Some like Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, and Sartre have not given any meaning to life. But many others have tried to give different answers to this question and show with arguments that their point of ...
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The answer to the question of the meaning of life has been the concern of many philosophers and thinkers. Some like Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, and Sartre have not given any meaning to life. But many others have tried to give different answers to this question and show with arguments that their point of view can better explain the meaning of life. This paper intends to first show the main viewpoints proposed in this field (such as God-centeredness, soul-centeredness, naturalism, subjectivism, and objectivism) along with their arguments and criticisms from competing viewpoints. Then, by evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of these views, it should be shown what characteristics a comprehensive theory for the meaning of life should have. Finally, the comprehensive and new viewpoint of the author will be presented and the reasons for preferring this perspective over competing views will be shown.
Gholam Hossein Khedri
Volume 10, Issue 2 , March 2022, , Pages 1-19
Abstract
The psychological illustration and analysis (search in hidden layers of unconscious psyche) of historical roots and nature of belief in God from the view point of Freud (1856-1939), the Austrian psychotherapist, is still among the dominant views in the realm of psychotherapy of God and is one of the ...
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The psychological illustration and analysis (search in hidden layers of unconscious psyche) of historical roots and nature of belief in God from the view point of Freud (1856-1939), the Austrian psychotherapist, is still among the dominant views in the realm of psychotherapy of God and is one of the common theories in “religion psychology’.He was never able to reconcile with the spiritual aspect of human being; on the other hand, through his sheer dependence on the psychotherapy (hypnotism, and soul purification) which dominated his lifelong scientific endeavor, led him to this idea that God in no more than a sheer hallucination on the line of achievement of man’s yearnings.In his belief, God was a reflection of utopian father who is omniscient and omnipotent that has been envisaged since infancy. His vast command of literature alongside his determined belief in his achievements led him to conclude that the unfulfilled Libido, fear and needs are the basis of art creation, literature, religion in general, and attraction towards God in particular which in reality is an ilk of projection of a real father as Odepeous Complex in boys due to the sexual affair with mothers and Electra Complex in girls as the unfulfilled sexual affair with fathers.Ultimately, the basis of human attraction towards religion and the religiosity of human beings originate in his beliefs are based on hallucination, and in his terms called it as Public obsessive-compulsive disorder; and finally human attraction towards God roots in Totems. Seemingly, the influential factors affecting his basic attitudes in decoding the mysteries of human attraction towards God include A: the dominance of philosophical school of thought in 19th century, namely extreme science influenced by positivism which could be detected in his work the Future of an illusion which dealt with formation of this viewpoint in positivism, extreme scientific and atheism B: Schopenhauer’s Pessimistic philosophy and the dominance of Sensations and emotions on human beings C: Leibnitz’s teaching in which the teachings are the center and basis of activity and energy D:This paper following critical-analytical approach and based on affairs like the absence of commonality and similarity between the witness or control groups who were afflicted with psychological problems with the giant group of God believers, limited observations and generalization of the results to other people, lack of clear answer ability to the raised critics, adherence to the presuppositions on the way of natural sciences that have lost their scientific validity, materialistic ideology of the existence instead of philosophical rationalism, irrational rejection, without objective evidence, of the existence of God, gave rise to the creation of this paper to approve the incomprehensibility and certainty of the deficiency of his psychoanalytical theory on the line of designing decryption the cause and nature of human attraction towards religion and God in long life existence on the globe
hasan abasi hasan Abadi
Volume 8, Issue 2 , March 2020, , Pages 1-18
Abstract
The discussion of the concept of God is obtained by examining the attributes of God and its relation to the essence and existence of God. Each of the philosophers before Plotinus, according to their own foundations, examined this issue. Our Question is that how to explain concept of God in OTHEOLOGIA ...
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The discussion of the concept of God is obtained by examining the attributes of God and its relation to the essence and existence of God. Each of the philosophers before Plotinus, according to their own foundations, examined this issue. Our Question is that how to explain concept of God in OTHEOLOGIA and Enneads. And how much do they overlap and what's the difference? Can the two be considered together and provide an explanation on both? the concept of God in the Enneads and OTHEOLOGIA is not the same Sometimes they are in the same direction and sometimes contradict each other. Approach of OTHEOLOGIA about of God is Aristotelian approach. And it speaks of existence, causality and pure action. But in Enneads God is One and over being And with the Analogy of the sun, fire and light are more reminiscent of Plato and his influence. In this article, we must first understand what is meant by "existence" in Enneads and OTHEOLOGIA. Then, consider other properties of God in both the sources of Enneads and OTHEOLOGIA to understand the problem of God and the concept of God in this thinker.
Ghorban Elmi
Volume 8, Issue 2 , March 2020, , Pages 41-64
Abstract
This article examines the concept of God in St. Paul’s thought, by applying historical, lexical and theological studies of his epistles and what Acts of apostles has said about him. Research findings show that belief in the true One God is the sole foundation of Paul's thought. But this only God ...
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This article examines the concept of God in St. Paul’s thought, by applying historical, lexical and theological studies of his epistles and what Acts of apostles has said about him. Research findings show that belief in the true One God is the sole foundation of Paul's thought. But this only God is also called the Father. His unity signifies His power, greatness and uniqueness, and being a Father is a sign of God's goodness, love, and goodwill. According to Paul, "there is one God for us, God the Father." This God, while enjoying all of the perfect traits expressed in the monotheistic religions, is also the Creator and Savior, because "all things were made of him, by him and for him." However, Christ is His instrument and agent in creation and salvation. But that does not mean that God is inactive. Christ has his everything from God. Creation and providence are in the hands of God. Paul makes a fundamental difference between God and Jesus Christ and never refers to Christ as God.
Fatemeh Mohammad; Mohammad Akvan
Volume 8, Issue 2 , March 2020, , Pages 109-130
Abstract
This paper aims to assess and clarify Heidegger's attitude towards God by means of describing and analyzing Heidegger's works. Thus the main question is that would it be possible to assert that Heidegger believed in God and considered deity out of its orthodox from thought he kept silent about it? Although ...
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This paper aims to assess and clarify Heidegger's attitude towards God by means of describing and analyzing Heidegger's works. Thus the main question is that would it be possible to assert that Heidegger believed in God and considered deity out of its orthodox from thought he kept silent about it? Although Heidegger's faith was influenced by Christianity, neither did he agree nor approve of the traditional practices of religion and was a critic to the boastful clergy and presented a different interpretation of faith through listening and paying attention to our inner call of Logos and then remained silent. Hence, Heidegger's view was based on Dasain which is somehow synonymous with believing in absolute being or God.
bashar mamedov; Mohammad Mohammad Rezaei
Volume 9, Issue 2 , January 2020, , Pages 245-268
Abstract
The problem of evil and the problem of miracles are among the most important issues in the philosophy of religion. J.L Mackey, William L. Rowe and other philosophers raise the problem of the logic of evil and the problem of evidence of evil, while James A.Keller proposes the problem of miracles as the ...
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The problem of evil and the problem of miracles are among the most important issues in the philosophy of religion. J.L Mackey, William L. Rowe and other philosophers raise the problem of the logic of evil and the problem of evidence of evil, while James A.Keller proposes the problem of miracles as the third problem of evil. James Keller divides miracles into epistemological and practical miracles, and believes that the possibility of miracles occurring in both senses actually reinforces the problem of evil and making it a dilemma for attributes such as omnipotence, omniscience, and pure benevolence of God. James A. Keller citing the paradigm of the experimental sciences and uses the modern understanding of miracles as a temporary suspension of one or more laws of nature performed by divine power, and sees the benefit of only a particular group of miracles as contradicting God's justice. According to Muslim scholars and theologians, first of all, contrary to the view of Western thinkers, the miracle of breaking the habit is contrary only to the laws of the experimental sciences and to the ordinary and everyday experience of man, and not outside the law and rational-philosophical rules. Secondly, the miracle is the general authority of God, and it is useful not only for the sages, but also for all, and its authority is undeniable.
Razieh Zeinaly; AmirAbbas Alizamani
Volume 8, Issue 1 , May 2019, , Pages 37-62
Abstract
The main purpose of this article is to discuss of the Other and its relationship with Human person in Kierkegaard's view. Our chief question in this article is whether we know ourselves in the mirror of the other or if the other is a barrier and hindrance to our cognition of ourselves. In this paper, ...
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The main purpose of this article is to discuss of the Other and its relationship with Human person in Kierkegaard's view. Our chief question in this article is whether we know ourselves in the mirror of the other or if the other is a barrier and hindrance to our cognition of ourselves. In this paper, first, we review the place of the other in the three stages of life and point out their differences with each other. Then, we continue to focus on the Ethical stage where is the main realm of the emergence of the "Other". After discussing the necessities and limitations of this stage, we review the topic of Love, focusing on the book "Works of love". Lastly, we ask this question that if the Other has the same place in Kierkegaard's eye just as concrete with all those flesh and blood and special traits as "Self" or Human person. In other words, what is the place of concrete Other in Kierkegaard's view? Does Kierkegaard ignore the concrete Other and bury its individuality by considering the Other as the mirror or model? Or does he promote the Other's status by making it into an ethical principle?
Mehdi Abbaszadeh
Volume 5, Issue 2 , January 2017, , Pages 87-108
Abstract
Ontological argument in western philosophy is some arguments for the existence of god in which one tries to approve directly the existence of god from the very notion of god or necessary being in one’s mind – not from characteristics of external beings. Anselm of Canterbury was the first ...
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Ontological argument in western philosophy is some arguments for the existence of god in which one tries to approve directly the existence of god from the very notion of god or necessary being in one’s mind – not from characteristics of external beings. Anselm of Canterbury was the first thinker who proposed the idea of ontological argument in medieval philosophy. Different versions of the arguments have been laid forth by some western thinkers; however, some others criticized these kinds of arguments. In Islamic world a similar situation can be seen; some reject all versions of the argument but some agree that a particular description of it can be acceptable. In this paper, firstly, two Cartesian versions of ontological argument and their three Kantian criticisms are explained; secondly, different criticisms of Javadi-Amoli are described. Javadi-Amoli criticized three Kantian criticisms and the second version of ontological argument and finally said that, the argument is fallacy. The paper, then, reviewed all the above ideas in this regard and proved that according to two theories in Islamic philosophy, i.e. Maqulaat-e-Thaani and Nafs ul-Amr, the second version of ontological argument can be acceptable
Hamidreza Ayatollahy; Maryam Shadi
Volume 2, Issue 2 , January 2014, , Pages 1-19
Abstract
The question about the relation of God and the nature is one of the most intricate but less prevailed philosophic thoughts of Ludwig Wittgenstein, a proper understanding of which is helpful in acquiring a thorough knowledge of his theories. In early thoughts of Wittgenstein, God does not preserve a natural ...
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The question about the relation of God and the nature is one of the most intricate but less prevailed philosophic thoughts of Ludwig Wittgenstein, a proper understanding of which is helpful in acquiring a thorough knowledge of his theories. In early thoughts of Wittgenstein, God does not preserve a natural revelation. In a delicate analysis, he unravels language, metaphysics, ethics and the like from the nature and rejects any statement that attempts to necessitate any connection between them. Nevertheless, sketching the borders he had presumed to exist between nature and language and the linguistic assortments he had spanned to the relation of God and nature is not of much scientific value and can only serve as a way of theoretical conceptualization. He has developed a variety based on his personal linguistic preferences. Regardless of being realistic or unrealistic, he has an abstract approach that is based on spiritual concepts.
Qorban Elmi; Mohammad Hossein Mohammadpour
Volume 2, Issue 2 , January 2014, , Pages 59-79
Abstract
This paper aims at studying Nagarjuna's approach on the question of God's existence. The study reveals that resorting to theological views such astheism, atheism, agnosticism and pantheism cannot present a correct understanding of God's existence from Madhyamika's perspective. By making a critical analysis, ...
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This paper aims at studying Nagarjuna's approach on the question of God's existence. The study reveals that resorting to theological views such astheism, atheism, agnosticism and pantheism cannot present a correct understanding of God's existence from Madhyamika's perspective. By making a critical analysis, Nagarjuna attempts to reach an idea of a personal God that the public have. This paper tries to systematize Nagarjuna's arguments with a method of philosophy of religion. Unlike what is believed, Madhyamika's real approach on the existence of God is neither monotheistic nor atheistic; because this school accepts neither the statement "there is God' nor the statement "there is no God'.
Alireza Farrokhi Balajadeh; AmirAbbas Alizamani
Volume 1, Issue 2 , October 2013, , Pages 105-128
Abstract
The English biologist and philosopher, Richard Dawkins, claims that the basic rules of physics in beginning of the universe and then evolution of vital complicated creatures and complexities, specifically human being, have been emerged by chance. He suggests two argument for his view; In his ‘simplicity ...
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The English biologist and philosopher, Richard Dawkins, claims that the basic rules of physics in beginning of the universe and then evolution of vital complicated creatures and complexities, specifically human being, have been emerged by chance. He suggests two argument for his view; In his ‘simplicity argument’ argues that the basic rules of physics are simple, so it is actually more likely that the relatively simple lows of nature would be come into existence for no reason than that they would be designed by a God whose being would have to be more complex than they are. Thus, there is no God.In ‘cumulative process argument’, he argues that the emergence of complex form in the universe can be explain by natural selection alone, in a cumulative process of evolution, thus, it is ‘self-explanatory’.By contrast, Keith Ward as an English theist philosopher, with separating ‘inclusive simplicity’ of God from ‘exclusive simplicity’ that is in physical world, defends from "integrative and inclusive simplicity" of God. The existence of God integrates all elements, products of evolution and natural basic rules in a comprehensive system, thus, it is simplest explanation for the emergence of the universe and complexities on the earth, while Dawkins's materialistic view is not explanatory sufficiency. In fact, here we need ‘plenitude principle’, not ‘Occam's razor’. So ‘simplicity argument’ is in fact, ‘the fallacy of simplicity’. In this research, it is tried to defend from theistic explanation for evolutionary process.
Mahdi Husseinzadeh Yazdi; Ali Akbar Ahmadi Afranjami
Volume 2, Issue 1 , January 2013, , Pages 1-17
Abstract
In the Tractatus, Wittgenstein declares that “There is indeed the inexpressible. This shows itself.” Theearly Wittgenstein believes that will and willing subject are inexpressible. In the 1914–1916 Notebooks, Wittgenstein uses four titles for subject: knowing subject, thinking subject, ...
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In the Tractatus, Wittgenstein declares that “There is indeed the inexpressible. This shows itself.” Theearly Wittgenstein believes that will and willing subject are inexpressible. In the 1914–1916 Notebooks, Wittgenstein uses four titles for subject: knowing subject, thinking subject, metaphysical subject, and willing subject. Willing subject is transcendental and the bearer of good and evil. Good and evil only enter through the subject. Without willing subject, there is not ethics. Wittgenstein explicitly states that ethics does not treat of the world. Ethics must be a condition of the world, like logic. Will, willing subject, and alien willare vaguely declared in Wittgenstein’s earlier teachings. This article tries to explain these concepts.
Hossein Kalbasi Ashtari
Volume 1, Issue 1 , October 2012, , Pages 79-98
Abstract
The theoretical framework of Kant’s critical philosophy rooted in 18th century events (Enlightenment). The question of validity, scope and foundations of metaphysical knowledge is amongst Kant’s epistemological concerns. When we talk about “the possibility of metaphysics” we think ...
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The theoretical framework of Kant’s critical philosophy rooted in 18th century events (Enlightenment). The question of validity, scope and foundations of metaphysical knowledge is amongst Kant’s epistemological concerns. When we talk about “the possibility of metaphysics” we think about theoretical foundations of that knowledge. Science and experience for Kant means objective scope of human knowledge reflected in the sensibility and understanding. Here that very question again rise: the possibility of “pure mathematics” and “natural sciences”. Kant’s inquiries about this two scopes result in that though the theoretical foundations of knowledge belong to knowing subject, the process of mind’s activity belong to experience, and thereby the problem of the gap between subject and object will be solved. This approach extends to the scope of morality and religion, and provide an answer to the unsolved questions of metaphysics. On Kant’s view there is no conflict between theoretical and practical reason. If science deals with the objects of experience and concrete matters, and the possibility of mathematics and natural sciences is certainly undeniable, morality and religion specially deals with the existence of God and immortality of soul. When Kant think about moral action, its possibility and conditions, sees the correlation between them, and certainly concentrate on unobjectivity and nominal aspect of these matters.
