aysooda hashempour; alimohammad sajesi
Volume 9, Issue 2 , January 2020, Pages 1-17
Abstract
One of the important rulings on the issue of existence in ontology is the issue of skepticism in existence, which has been specifically discussed in Mulla Sadra's philosophy and its coordinates have been clarified. However, it seems that the foundation of this issue can be followed by breaking the votes ...
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One of the important rulings on the issue of existence in ontology is the issue of skepticism in existence, which has been specifically discussed in Mulla Sadra's philosophy and its coordinates have been clarified. However, it seems that the foundation of this issue can be followed by breaking the votes of the predecessors. The present article, by descriptive-analytical method, examines and evaluates the implications of the proofs of God in Ibn Sina's philosophy on the issue of special doubt, the predominant type of which is raised in the longitudinal doubt of existence. According to the results of this study, although the issue of the originality of existence or nature has no definite place in Ibn Sina's philosophy, but the proofs of God have been presented to him with a purely existential thinking; As the three main pillars of the problem of doubt in existence, namely "unity in existence", "plurality in existence" and "objectivity of unity and plurality in existence" - which itself requires comprehensive unity and plurality -, are proofs of God in Ibn Sina and the principles of each argument can be deduced.
Fatemeh Rafati; Mohammad saeedimehr; Babak Abbasi
Volume 9, Issue 2 , January 2020, Pages 19-32
Abstract
Plato didn’t furnish a detailed and clear theory about evil. What one can find in some of his dialogues is just certain hints to issues like the source of evil. The obscurity of Plato’s works led to a vast controversy over his real views on the source of evil to the extent that some scholars ...
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Plato didn’t furnish a detailed and clear theory about evil. What one can find in some of his dialogues is just certain hints to issues like the source of evil. The obscurity of Plato’s works led to a vast controversy over his real views on the source of evil to the extent that some scholars maintain that he didn’t develop any theory in this respect. Those who think that Plato has a theory don’t agree over what Plato takes as the source of evil. In this paper, with regard to the current distinction between metaphysical, natural, and moral evils, we argue that Plato believes in a distinct source for each one of these three kinds. Metaphysical evil which only occurs in the natural world has a negative nature and stems from the fact that the natural beings as the reflections of the world of ideas lack the full perfection of the ideas. Moral evils are caused by the activity of the soul and, finally, natural evils are the effects of necessity or matter. Accordingly, we conclude that in the light of the foregoing analysis the apparently inconsistent expressions of Plato would turn out to be consistent.
hasan abasi hasan Abadi
Volume 9, Issue 2 , January 2020, Pages 33-49
Abstract
The "epistemology of God and divine attributes" discusses the possibility of knowing God and his attributes, the ways of knowing the attributes, and how to know them. Allameh Hilli, a theologian from the Hillah School with the Peripatetic method, is both influenced by the philosophical foundations of ...
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The "epistemology of God and divine attributes" discusses the possibility of knowing God and his attributes, the ways of knowing the attributes, and how to know them. Allameh Hilli, a theologian from the Hillah School with the Peripatetic method, is both influenced by the philosophical foundations of the Peripatetic and Theology of Khajeh Nasir. Examining God and his attributes with an epistemological approach according to his theological view and his interest in philosophy is the issue of this article. How did Allameh Hilli act in recognizing his attributes of God? To what extent does he benefit from philosophy and theology, and consequently from reason and narration in explaining attributes? If he considers the attributes of God to be Toqifi, how can this be combined with the names and attributes of God and the ways of recognizing the attributes and the reasons given for proving the attributes? To examine this question and answer the questions, we first examine the "possibility of knowing God" and the "ways of knowing Him"; Then we explain the ways of knowing the attributes of God. Allameh Helli believes in the "necessity of knowing God" and explains this "obligation" with rational and narrative reasons. God has an extra-religious view mixed with intra-religion.
Mahdi Saatchi; Mohammad Sa’idi Mehr; rasoul rasoulipour
Volume 9, Issue 2 , January 2020, Pages 51-75
Abstract
According to the Abrahamic religions, God is the absolute Ultimate reality. Metaphysical necessity confronts us with truths that are absolutely necessary and do not seem to say anything about God, such as "water = H2O". Here we encounter the Euthyphro dilemma, but not in the realm of ethics but in the ...
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According to the Abrahamic religions, God is the absolute Ultimate reality. Metaphysical necessity confronts us with truths that are absolutely necessary and do not seem to say anything about God, such as "water = H2O". Here we encounter the Euthyphro dilemma, but not in the realm of ethics but in the realm of metaphysics; Are the necessary truths true because God has affirms them or God has affirms them because they themselves are true? In the first case, the absolute necessity of necessary truths is challenged, and in the second case, the absolute sovereignty and ultimacy of God is challenged. The main answer of the theologians to resolve this conflict is to base the necessary truths on the essence of God. Brian Leftow criticizes this approach, which he calls the "Deity theory," and argues that accepting these theories for all necessary truths requires the dependence of the divine essence on truths that are not about God and are merely about creatures. This article critically explains and analyzes Leftow's view.
Hamidreza Ayatollahy
Volume 9, Issue 2 , January 2020, Pages 77-95
Abstract
In this paper, it is intended to show that monotheistic religions that believe in the existence of God and the event of resurrection can express that religions that deny these two facts are out of the circle of truth, because these two beliefs are based on objective realities, not subjugative matters ...
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In this paper, it is intended to show that monotheistic religions that believe in the existence of God and the event of resurrection can express that religions that deny these two facts are out of the circle of truth, because these two beliefs are based on objective realities, not subjugative matters that are the basis of the claims and arguments of pluralists. Then, the basic conditions of religiosity, i.e. worship and ethics-based behaviors, will be explained. Since religious beliefs and behaviors of believers of different religions are influenced by many non-optional factors, it is not easy to judge their faithful lives and in this regard, it is neither possible to defend pluralism nor exclusivism. However, the diversity of non-optional faithful lives does not contradict the fundamental beliefs of any religion to be evaluated rationally. Therefore, a religion that can achieve the greatest success in rational examination of its fundamental beliefs can speak of its truth against other religions.
rasoul rasoulipour; hassan sarayloo
Volume 9, Issue 2 , January 2020, Pages 97-120
Abstract
The ideal of the utopia wraped with justice and peace, and the suffering caused by the bitter realities of human social life such as injustice and poverty, have forced many philosophers of religion to provide a prescription for a brighter future for humankind. Multmann wrote his Theology of Hope with ...
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The ideal of the utopia wraped with justice and peace, and the suffering caused by the bitter realities of human social life such as injustice and poverty, have forced many philosophers of religion to provide a prescription for a brighter future for humankind. Multmann wrote his Theology of Hope with an emphasis on the eschatological promise in the midst of the World War II following the compilation of a synthesized doctrine of Marxism and Christianity. He accompanied the promised future of human life history by a novel reading of social Trinity and bound them in the kingdom of Justice and peace of God. Moltmann stated that the divine promise along with faith in God, which was fulfilled in the unique event of Christ's crucifixion and resurrection, is the basis of God's moral judgment and love for man. Using a documentary analytical method, by reviewing the most important works of first period of Jürgen Multmann's theology, this article critically considers his innovative model, namely the eschatological interpretation of the promise through explanation and analysis of what and why it is, and the philosophical and theological origin of the promise, and the relationship between the promise and faith, love, hope and action.
sara baghdadi,; seyed amir akrami,
Volume 9, Issue 2 , January 2020, Pages 121-141
Abstract
Contemporary philosopher Eleanor Stump, as a theist, sets a defense against the problem of suffering. According to her defense, first, Suffering is a necessary condition for the realization of some good; second, that good violates the suffering. The scientific concern which is followed in this article ...
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Contemporary philosopher Eleanor Stump, as a theist, sets a defense against the problem of suffering. According to her defense, first, Suffering is a necessary condition for the realization of some good; second, that good violates the suffering. The scientific concern which is followed in this article is the assessment of stump’s defense. In this regard first of all, it is necessary to explain the defense and then the critique of the idea will be done from two general perspectives. First, expressing the characteristics of a successful defense and conditions for its realization shows that stump’s defense does not have the properties of such defense. The second general critique of her theory is that according to the origins of a voluntary act, suffering cannot be the source of faith. Eventually, the fact that the concept of free will in its libertarian sense has been violated in Stump’s defense, is an issue that we will address as an appendix to the discussion.
Naeimeh poormohammadi; AhmadReza Hashemi
Volume 9, Issue 2 , January 2020, Pages 143-167
Abstract
We are more or less familiar with William's evidential problem of evil. He denies the existence of God or (in his later articles) the possibility of the existence of God by not finding God's justifing reasons for permiting evil. Theists, on the other hand, have tried to expose God's justifiing reasons ...
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We are more or less familiar with William's evidential problem of evil. He denies the existence of God or (in his later articles) the possibility of the existence of God by not finding God's justifing reasons for permiting evil. Theists, on the other hand, have tried to expose God's justifiing reasons for permiting evil and to offer justifications called Theodicy. In the meantime, Skeptical Theism in response to the problem of evil has chosen another way. The claim is that we human beings may not be able to fundamentally grasp God's justifiing reasons for permiting evil, and since not finding reason is not a strong reason for not having a reason, the evil argument falls. In this article, we first explain the skeptical theological approach of William Alston and Michael Bergman, and then, based on the challenges posed by other philosophers of religion and theologians, conclude that the skeptical theological approach has not yet been plausible. In this article we have considered only moral challenges.We have extracted, formulated and analyzed eleven challenges from various texts of philosophers of religion, and carefully followed the problems and re-answers from both sides of the conflict, and finally came to the conclusion that skeptical theism answer is not still sufficient and convincing. It seems that the evil argument must still be resisted on the apologentic side of Theodicy.
Yousef Khorram Panah; yadollah dadjoo; rajab akbarzadeh
Volume 9, Issue 2 , January 2020, Pages 169-195
Abstract
The question of the relationship between religion and ethics dates back as far as the history of philosophy and thought, Among the theories on this issue, Divine Command theory has always had few supporters throughout history and has been severely criticized, In this article, we examine two arguments ...
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The question of the relationship between religion and ethics dates back as far as the history of philosophy and thought, Among the theories on this issue, Divine Command theory has always had few supporters throughout history and has been severely criticized, In this article, we examine two arguments against this theory. The first argument is designed against Adams' theory, which is the most famous contemporary proponent of this theory, we have shown that Adams has serious problems responding to this argument, and then we examine a second argument recently made by some philosophers of religion and ethics, including Morrison, against this theory. Our claim in the article is that, firstly, although Adams's theory faces serious problems in the face of the first argument, it can defend its theory satisfactorily by making changes and corrections, such as those proposed by Wierenga. Secondly, by making objections to the defense of the proponents and opponents of the second argument, we have made it clear that none of them have succeeded in their efforts. This article uses an analytical method to judge the controversy between proponents and opponents of the two arguments against the Divine Command Theory.
Mehdi behniya far
Volume 9, Issue 2 , January 2020, Pages 197-223
Abstract
This paper deals with Motahhari's rational reading of the Quranic story of Moses(pbuh) and Al-Khidr(pbuh). The rational aspect of this reading are using the philosophical concept of context in analyzing the behavior of the characters in the story, the rational and non-mystical analysis of the behavior ...
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This paper deals with Motahhari's rational reading of the Quranic story of Moses(pbuh) and Al-Khidr(pbuh). The rational aspect of this reading are using the philosophical concept of context in analyzing the behavior of the characters in the story, the rational and non-mystical analysis of the behavior of Moses(pbuh) and the implications of this reading in critical thinking.In Motahhari, intellectual contexts of the characters of the story are incommensurable and they are in Equivalence of Reasons. Through the opportunity to look through the lens of Moses(pbuh), Motahhari sees the behavior of Moses(pbuh) as justified. Moses(pbuh) transforms from a passive imitator, in some readings, to a differentiative follower in the light of common sense. Educational dimensions of the justified behavior of Moses(pbuh), significantly increases the educational functions of the whole story in comparison with other readings. The educational significance of this reading becomes clear when we know that most human beings, according to Motahhari, live in the three-dimensional world of Moses(pbuh) and not the four-dimensional world of Al-Khidr(pbuh). Humans are expert in very few realms, and in many realms they are imitators; Therefore, not only ontologically and cognitive, but also psychologically, they are closer to intellectual and biological context of Moses(pbuh).
seyed mohammad javad banisaeed langaroudi; seyyed Javad Miri; Amirabbas Alizamani
Volume 9, Issue 2 , January 2020, Pages 225-244
Abstract
The present article deals with what human happiness is and its relation to the religious knowledge of God. Saint Thomas Aquinas in the tradition of Christian philosophy, and Allameh Tabatabai in the tradition of Sadraian philosophy within Islamic philosophy have dealt with this issue and both know ...
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The present article deals with what human happiness is and its relation to the religious knowledge of God. Saint Thomas Aquinas in the tradition of Christian philosophy, and Allameh Tabatabai in the tradition of Sadraian philosophy within Islamic philosophy have dealt with this issue and both know true happiness in knowing and oneness with God and believe that because true happiness for man, and about His ultimate goal is used, whenever man reaches full actuality in his attribute, which is the power of intellect, and realizes the highest form of intellection, s/he has attained happiness. Both interpret this complete knowledge as vision and consider it as a kind of existential union within the limits of human capacity with the transcendent origin. On this basis, the faith professed by average folk in God cannot lead them to true happiness; however, based on the principles of both philosophers, a way can be found for this problematique.
bashar mamedov; Mohammad Mohammad Rezaei
Volume 9, Issue 2 , January 2020, Pages 245-268
Abstract
The problem of evil and the problem of miracles are among the most important issues in the philosophy of religion. J.L Mackey, William L. Rowe and other philosophers raise the problem of the logic of evil and the problem of evidence of evil, while James A.Keller proposes the problem of miracles as the ...
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The problem of evil and the problem of miracles are among the most important issues in the philosophy of religion. J.L Mackey, William L. Rowe and other philosophers raise the problem of the logic of evil and the problem of evidence of evil, while James A.Keller proposes the problem of miracles as the third problem of evil. James Keller divides miracles into epistemological and practical miracles, and believes that the possibility of miracles occurring in both senses actually reinforces the problem of evil and making it a dilemma for attributes such as omnipotence, omniscience, and pure benevolence of God. James A. Keller citing the paradigm of the experimental sciences and uses the modern understanding of miracles as a temporary suspension of one or more laws of nature performed by divine power, and sees the benefit of only a particular group of miracles as contradicting God's justice. According to Muslim scholars and theologians, first of all, contrary to the view of Western thinkers, the miracle of breaking the habit is contrary only to the laws of the experimental sciences and to the ordinary and everyday experience of man, and not outside the law and rational-philosophical rules. Secondly, the miracle is the general authority of God, and it is useful not only for the sages, but also for all, and its authority is undeniable.
